Surgical Oncology
Volume 15, Issue 1 , Pages 33-42 , July 2006

Evaluation and management of incidentally discovered thyroid nodules

  • Rajiv V. Datta

      Affiliations

    • Division of Surgical Oncology and Head & Neck Surgery, South Nassau Cancer Center, 1 S. Central Avenue, Valley Stream, New York 11791, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +15166323350; fax: +15166323355.
    • ,
  • Nicholas J. Petrelli

      Affiliations

    • Helen F. Graham Cancer Center at Christiana Care Health System, 4701 Ogletown-Stanton Road, Newark, DE 19713, USA
    • ,
  • Joseph Ramzy

      Affiliations

    • Department of Otolaryngology, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center at Christiana Care Health System, 4701 Ogletown-Stanton Road, Newark, DE 19713, USA

References 

  1. Sriram U, Patacsil LM. Thyroid nodules. Disease Monthly. 2004;50:486–526
  2. Perlmutter M, Slater SL. Which nodular goiters should be removed; a physiologic plan for the diagnosis and treatment of nodular goiter. New England Journal of Medicine. 1956;255:65–71
  3. Shaha AR. Controversies in the management of thyroid nodule. Laryngoscope. 2000;110:183–193
  4. Wong CK, Wheeler MH. Thyroid nodules: rational management. World Journal of Surgery. 2000;24:934–941
  5. Hundahl SA, Fleming ID, Fremgen AM, Menck HR. A National Cancer Data Base report on 53,856 cases of thyroid carcinoma treated in the US, 1985–1995. Cancer. 1998;83:2638–2648
  6. Hegedus L. Clinical practice. The thyroid nodule. New England Journal of Medicine. 2004;351:1764–1771
  7. Vander JB, Gaston EA, Dawber TR. The significance of nontoxic thyroid nodules. Final report of a 15-year study of the incidence of thyroid malignancy. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1968;69:537–540
  8. Rojeski MT, Gharib H. Nodular thyroid disease. Evaluation and management. New England Journal of Medicine. 1985;313:428–436
  9. Kuma K, Matsuzuka F, Yokozawa T, Miyauchi A, Sugawara M. Fate of untreated benign thyroid nodules: results of long-term follow-up. World Journal of Surgery. 1994;18:495–498
  10. DeGroot L, Paloyan E. Thyroid carcinoma and radiation. A Chicago endemic. JAMA. 1973;225:487–491
  11. Shore RE, Woodard E, Hildreth N, Dvoretsky P, Hempelmann L, Pasternack B. Thyroid tumors following thymus irradiation. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1985;74:1177–1184
  12. Ron E, Modan B, Preston D, Alfandary E, Stovall M, Boice JD. Thyroid neoplasia following low-dose radiation in childhood. Radiation Research. 1989;120:516–531
  13. Sklar C, Whitton J, Mertens A, Stovall M, Green D, Marina N, et al. Abnormalities of the thyroid in survivors of Hodgkin's disease: data from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2000;85:3227–3232
  14. Kraimps JL, Bouin-Pineau MH, Mathonnet M, De CL, Ronceray J, Visset J, et al. Multicentre study of thyroid nodules in patients with Graves’ disease. British Journal of Surgery. 2000;87:1111–1113
  15. Mishra A, Mishra SK. Multicentre study of thyroid nodules in patients with Graves’ disease. British Journal of Surgery. 2001;88:313
  16. Ravetto C, Colombo L, Dottorini ME. Usefulness of fine-needle aspiration in the diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma: a retrospective study in 37,895 patients. Cancer. 2000;90:357–363
  17. Duprez L, Parma J, van SJ, Rodien P, Sabine C, Abramowicz M, et al. Pathology of the TSH receptor. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism. 1999;12(Suppl. 1):295–302
  18. Parma J, Duprez L, van SJ, Hermans J, Rocmans P, Van VG, et al. Diversity and prevalence of somatic mutations in the thyrotropin receptor and Gs alpha genes as a cause of toxic thyroid adenomas. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1997;82:2695–2701
  19. van SJ, Parma J, Tonacchera M, Swillens S, Dumont J, Vassart G. Somatic and germline mutations of the TSH receptor gene in thyroid diseases. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1995;80:2577–2585
  20. Weiss RE, Lado-Abeal J. Thyroid nodules: diagnosis and therapy. Current Opinion in Oncology. 2002;14:46–52
  21. Kroll TG, Sarraf P, Pecciarini L, Chen CJ, Mueller E, Spiegelman BM, et al. PAX8-PPARgamma1 fusion oncogene in human thyroid carcinoma [corrected]. Science. 2000;289:1357–1360
  22. Favus MJ, Schneider AB, Stachura ME, Arnold JE, Ryo UY, Pinsky SM, et al. Thyroid cancer occurring as a late consequence of head-and-neck irradiation. Evaluation of 1056 patients. New England Journal of Medicine. 1976;294:1019–1025
  23. Lawrence W, Kaplan BJ. Diagnosis and management of patients with thyroid nodules. Journal of Surgical Oncology. 2002;80:157–170
  24. Singer PA, Cooper DS, Daniels GH, Ladenson PW, Greenspan FS, Levy EG, et al. Treatment guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and well-differentiated thyroid cancer. American Thyroid Association. Archives of Internal Medicine. 1996;156:2165–2172
  25. Livadas D, Psarras A, Koutras DA. Malignant cold thyroid nodules in hyperthyroidism. British Journal of Surgery. 1976;63:726–728
  26. McCall A, Jarosz H, Lawrence AM, Paloyan E. The incidence of thyroid carcinoma in solitary cold nodules and in multinodular goiters. Surgery. 1986;100:1128–1132
  27. Jarlov AE. Observer variation in the diagnosis of thyroid disorders. Criteria for and impact on diagnostic decision-making. Danish Medical Bulletin. 2000;47:328–339
  28. Kim N, Lavertu P. Evaluation of a thyroid nodule. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 2003;36:17–33
  29. Kang KW, Kim SK, Kang HS, Lee ES, Sim JS, Lee IG, et al. Prevalence and risk of cancer of focal thyroid incidentaloma identified by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for metastasis evaluation and cancer screening in healthy subjects. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003;88:4100–4104
  30. Niccoli P, Wion-Barbot N, Caron P, Henry JF, De MC, Saint Andre JP, et al. Interest of routine measurement of serum calcitonin: study in a large series of thyroidectomized patients. The French Medullary Study Group. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1997;82:338–341
  31. Mulligan LM, Kwok JB, Healey CS, Elsdon MJ, Eng C, Gardner E, et al. Germ-line mutations of the RET proto-oncogene in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A. Nature. 1993;363:458–460
  32. Mazzaferri EL. Management of a solitary thyroid nodule. New England Journal of Medicine. 1993;328:553–559
  33. Pacini F, Burroni L, Ciuoli C, Di CG, Guarino E. Management of thyroid nodules: a clinicopathological, evidence-based approach. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 2004;31:1443–1449
  34. Greaves TS, Olvera M, Florentine BD, Raza AS, Cobb CJ, Tsao-Wei DD, et al. Follicular lesions of thyroid: a 5-year fine-needle aspiration experience. Cancer. 2000;90:335–341
  35. Stoler DL, Datta RV, Charles MA, Block AW, Brenner BM, Sieczka EM, et al. Genomic instability measurement in the diagnosis of thyroid neoplasms. Head and Neck. 2002;24:290–295
  36. Castro MR, Gharib H. Continuing controversies in the management of thyroid nodules. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2005;142:926–931
  37. Grant CS, Hay ID, Gough IR, McCarthy PM, Goellner JR. Long-term follow-up of patients with benign thyroid fine-needle aspiration cytologic diagnoses. Surgery. 1989;106:980–985
  38. Gharib H, Goellner JR. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid: an appraisal. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1993;118:282–289
  39. Hamburger JI. Diagnosis of thyroid nodules by fine needle biopsy: use and abuse. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1994;79:335–339
  40. Hegedus L. Thyroid ultrasound. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America. 2001;30:339–360
  41. Alexander EK, Hurwitz S, Heering JP, Benson CB, Frates MC, Doubilet PM, et al. Natural history of benign solid and cystic thyroid nodules. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2003;138:315–318
  42. Bennedbaek FN, Perrild H, Hegedus L. Diagnosis and treatment of the solitary thyroid nodule. Results of a European survey. Clinical Endocrinology. 1999;50:357–363
  43. Bennedbaek FN, Hegedus L. Management of the solitary thyroid nodule: results of a North American survey. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2000;85:2493–2498
  44. Castro MR, Caraballo PJ, Morris JC. Effectiveness of thyroid hormone suppressive therapy in benign solitary thyroid nodules: a meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002;87:4154–4159
  45. Sawin CT, Geller A, Wolf PA, Belanger AJ, Baker E, Bacharach P, et al. Low serum thyrotropin concentrations as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation in older persons. New England Journal of Medicine. 1994;331:1249–1252
  46. Surks MI, Ortiz E, Daniels GH, Sawin CT, Col NF, Cobin RH, et al. Subclinical thyroid disease: scientific review and guidelines for diagnosis and management. JAMA. 2004;291:228–238
  47. Uzzan B, Campos J, Cucherat M, Nony P, Boissel JP, Perret GY. Effects on bone mass of long term treatment with thyroid hormones: a meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1996;81:4278–4289
  48. Gharib H. Changing trends in thyroid practice: understanding nodular thyroid disease. Endocrine Practice. 2004;10:31–39
  49. Hegedus L, Nygaard B, Hansen JM. Is routine thyroxine treatment to hinder postoperative recurrence of nontoxic goiter justified?. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1999;84:756–760
  50. Harach HR, Franssila KO, Wasenius VM. Occult papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. A “normal” finding in Finland. A systematic autopsy study. Cancer. 1985;56:531–538
  51. Ito Y, Uruno T, Nakano K, Takamura Y, Miya A, Kobayashi K, et al. An observation trial without surgical treatment in patients with papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid. Thyroid. 2003;13:381–387

PII: S0960-7404(06)00026-0

doi: 10.1016/j.suronc.2006.07.002

Surgical Oncology
Volume 15, Issue 1 , Pages 33-42 , July 2006

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution